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© 2025 projektado

dev ☛☼howwwrude and projektado

on the relationship between linguistics and design
natalia meléndez fuentes
issue 0: why discuss design today?

english (translation) // With all the paradox, Cortázar taught me to distrust words.
He points out that we, human agents, are completely incommunicado, apart from the senses and words. He says this is strange enough for us not to trust them. 

As with everything I shouldn’t trust, I looked into it further to understand why. What is beyond words? I found logical, linguistic, pragmatic and practical limits to them.

In particular, to explain the link between design and words, it is good to focus on logic, which is what both share at their most intimate level.

To be clear: by “logics” I mean the system of principles underlying the structures of human language that allow it to acquire meaning.

The process of moving from a question to a definitive answer (i.e., reasoning) lies at the root of how logic operates. And with this, logic is also concerned with thoughts about the abstract world, nonexistent at the linguistic level. To this end, it is useful to bring in Aristotle’s primary and secondary substances. The first is that which we can point to and identify in the real world. The secondary substance represents the mental denominations or derivations of reality that we reach through reasoning.

This is where design comes in.

If I imagine a tree that I have never seen before, automatically and forcibly my mind will activate the category of the word “tree” that it has combined by having seen trees or having read about trees. Words and the real world. The image that comes to my mind or the one that I manage to design will have to do with my personal idea of what a tree is––at the level of my three minds: the conscious, the subconscious and the unconscious.

This explains a bit how the secondary substance allows us to talk about reality, as it connects our mind with the real world.

When associated with design, the abstract idea of “tree” allows me to generate any tree in my mind and, through reasoning (in this case understood as imagination) produce derivations of trees that do not and cannot exist in the real world.

This is known as abstraction 🡺 thinking beyond the real (it is also determined by the laws of logic).

However, even though our conscious mind thinks in words (as opposed to our subconscious or unconscious minds), logic has its limits. And that which cannot be said can be shown.

In linguistic terms, design falls into the category of nonsense or absurd communication (from Latin absurdus, meaning that which lacks logic or harmony with reason).

Nonetheless, absurdus evolved from the ancient Greek paralogos (παράλογο), which is translated as: next to thought, logic, words.

It’s interesting the way we have evolved, that at some point we began associating what does not belong to the word and our conscious minds cannot grasp on their own, with the unreasonable, foolishly silly or stupid.

Perhaps to redeem ourselves from having stopped our efforts to understand.

However, the words that define us and the world in which we operate should not be abandoned when it comes to understanding the absurdity of the non-linguistic or when we are to unveil the truth that logic hides.

All things considered, the paralogos would not exist without the logos.
Wittgenstein warns that the wall of logic (which also conceals truth, but non-linguistic, illogical truth) can be torn down with illogical puns––as poetry can be––, with absurdity or with silence. For all these operate in the subconscious and unconscious minds of each of us.

By operating on the border between logic and absurdity, design combines both worlds, allowing us to build bridges that further reveal the ineffable reality and deep structures of the world. Empowered by reference, design transcends the limits of language, colouring part of the negative space that is beyond. Through metaphors, the design of the real world (described only partially with words) contains what we do not understand and, in many cases, will never understand. However, adding one more lens to the analysis rounds up the outlook.

Spinoza comes with his habencia sub specie aeternitatis (from the perspective of the eternal) to give us a clue between what is said and what is shown. Spizona speaks of a way of perceiving reality and of being in it in permanent reference with the cosmic dimension of space-time, that is, without losing the notion of one’s smallness and futility within the universe. The bridge between the logos and the paralogos represented by design enables a more exhaustive comprehension and expression of existing and non-existing realities. That is to say, design, through the Latin concept of habencia, can refer to all that has been, is, and will be, as well as to a collective and infinite presence of entities that are real, ideal, possible, and impossible.

spanish (original) // Con toda la paradoja, a mí Cortázar me enseñó a desconfiar de las palabras.
Apunta que nosotros, agentes humanos, estamos completamente incomunicados, menos por los sentidos y la palabra. Dice que esto es lo suficientemente extraño como para que no nos fiemos. 

Como con todo de lo que no debería fiarme, me puse a investigarlo más para entender por qué. ¿Qué hay más allá de las palabras? Les encontré límites lógicos, lingüísticos, pragmáticos y prácticos.

En particular, para unir diseño y palabras, está bien centrarse en la lógica, que es aquello que ambos comparten en lo más íntimo.

Para aclararnos: por “lógica” yo entiendo el sistema de principios subyacentes a las estructuras del lenguaje humano que permiten que éste adquiera sentido.

El proceso de pasar de una pregunta a una respuesta definitiva (es decir, razonar) se encuentra a la raíz de cómo opera la lógica. Y con esto, la lógica se puede entretener pensando en el mundo abstracto que ni siquiera existe a nivel lingüístico. Para esto, me sirve traer la sustancia primaria y secundaria de Aristóteles. La primera es aquello que podemos señalar e identificar en el mundo real. La materia secundaria representa las denominaciones o derivaciones mentales de la realidad a las que llegamos al razonar.

Aquí entra el diseño.

Si me imagino un árbol que nunca he visto antes, automática y forzosamente mi mente activará la categoría de la palabra “árbol” que ha combinado por haber visto árboles o haber leído sobre árboles. Palabras y mundo real. La imagen que se me venga a la mente o la que consiga diseñar va a tener que ver con mi idea personal de lo que es un árbol––al nivel de mis tres mentes: la consciente, la subconsciente y la inconsciente.

Esto explica un poco cómo es que la sustancia secundaria nos permite hablar de la realidad, pues conecta nuestra mente con el mundo real.

Dicho esto, y asociado al diseño, con la idea abstracta de “árbol”, puedo generar cualquier árbol en mi mente y, mediante el raciocinio (en este caso entendido como imaginación) producir derivaciones de árboles que no existen en el mundo real.

Esto se conoce como “abstracción” 🡺 pensar más allá de lo real (también está determinado por las leyes de la lógica).

No obstante, aunque el pensamiento de nuestra mente consciente (no el de la subconsciente ni la inconsciente) ocurra en palabras, la lógica tiene sus límites. Y aquello que no se puede pronunciar, se puede enseñar.

En términos lingüísticos, el diseño entra en la categoría de la comunicación sin sentido o absurda (del latín absurdus, dicho de aquello sin lógica, sin armonía con la razón).

No obstante, el latín absurdus evolucionó del griego antiguo paralogos (παράλογο). Esto se traduce al lado del pensamiento, la lógica, las palabras. 

Curioso como hemos evolucionado, que en algún momento empezamos a asociar lo que no pertenece a la palabra, y que nuestra mente consciente no puede captar sola, con lo absurdo, irrazonable, tonto o estúpido.

Quizá para redimirnos de haber dejado de entender.

No obstante, las palabras que nos definen y definen el mundo en que operamos no deben abandonarse para entender el absurdo de lo no-lingüístico y definitivamente la verdad que esconde la lógica.

A fin de cuentas, el paralogos no existiría sin el logos.
Wittgenstein advierte que la pared de la lógica (que también oculta verdad, pero verdad no lingüística e ilógica) se puede derribar con juegos de palabras ilógicas, como puede ser la poesía, con absurdez o con el silencio. Pues todo esto opera en las mentes subconsciente e inconscientes de cada uno.

El diseño, al operar en la frontera de la lógica y lo absurdo, pues combina ambos mundos, nos permite construir puentes que revelen más la realidad inefable y estructuras profundas del mundo. Empoderados con la referencia, el diseño transciende los límites del lenguaje, coloreando parte del espacio negativo que hay más allá. Mediante metáforas, el diseño del mundo real (descrito solo parcialmente por palabras) contiene aquello que no entendemos y en muchos casos, nunca comprenderemos. No obstante, añadir una lente más al análisis redondea la mirada.

Viene Spinoza con su habencia sub specie aeternitatis (desde la perspectiva de lo eterno) a darnos una pista entre lo lingüístico y lo mostrado. Spizona nos habla de un modo de percibir la realidad y de estar en ella en referencia permanente con la dimensión cósmica del espacio-tiempo, es decir, sin perder la noción de la pequeñez y futilidad de uno en el universo. El puente que es el diseño entre el logos y el paralogos permite un entendimiento y una expresión más exhaustiva de las realidades existentes y no existentes. Es decir, el diseño, a través del concepto habencia se puede referir a todo lo que a sido, será, así como a una presencia colectiva e infinita de entidades reales, ideales, posibles e imposibles.

author

Natalia Meléndez is a development cooperation professional who has worked and lived in Europe and the Americas. She has a multidisciplinary background in Urban Design, International Relations and Linguistics – which allows her to approach design and space from a position of unveiling underlying logics. Professionally, she specialises in the humanitarian-development nexus and is ongoingly learning from Latin America, urban informalities, nature, and art. She believes in the power of decolonisation, feminism, emotional and human geographies, and constant curiosity and questioning as tools to rethink design and its implications, intersectionalities, causes and effects.

first published for projektado magazine issue 0: why discuss design today? / january 2021

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